Importantly, unlike the currently targeted CD8+ T cell inhibitory receptors, PD-1 and CTLA-4, which are expressed only after a CD8+ T cell has been activated, LPAR5 signaling would be expected to also lower the activation threshold of naïve tumor-specific CD8+ T cells displaying weak affinity for tumor antigens ultimately promoting a more robust anti-tumor CD8+ response. Here, CTLA4 is linked to neoplasm.