MAPK8 and cancer: It had been reviewed that BPA affects many cell-signaling mechanisms and pathways (i.e., NF-κB, extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK), JNK) involved in inflammation, immune response, cancer, brain, and reproductive function; the increase of calcium and ROS and the activation of ERK and JNK are implicated in BPA-induced apoptotic cell death [92].