TNF and inflammatory bowel disease: In the present study, we measured the expression of the genes SMAD7, TNF, TLR2, TNFRSF1B, TBX21, DEFA5, IL11, TREM1, and OSM (previously studied as related to the anti-TNF response or IBD in adults) [25,27,28,29,30,31] in the whole blood of children with IBD before and after 2 weeks of anti-TNF treatment.