VCAM1 and airway hyperresponsiveness: IL-13 has various actions in asthma, including the expression of adhesion molecules such as vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) in vascular endothelial cells, goblet cell hyperplasia, increased mucus production, production of inducible nitric oxide synthase by airway epithelial cells, proliferation of airway smooth muscle, and stimulation of airway hyperresponsiveness [3].