The favorable effects of anti-TNFα therapy on insulin resistance and risk of T2D were initially observed in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, ankylosing spondylitis, and inflammatory bowel diseases where compounds neutralizing TNFα action (such as infliximab or etanercept) were used to decrease inflammation and slow down the course of the autoimmune disease reviewed in [162]. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and ankylosing spondylitis.