The effectiveness of CTLA-4 inhibition by ipilimumab was compared to the combined treatment with ipilimumab and GVAX (an irradiated allogeneic pancreatic cancer cell-based granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) vaccine) in 30 patients with advanced disease after gemcitabine-based chemotherapy in a phase 1b study [83]. The gene discussed is CSF2; the disease is pancreatic neoplasm.