TNF and acute respiratory distress syndrome: This pro-inflammatory state can lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome and cytokine storm syndrome (CSS), likely mediated by a dysregulated immune response involving interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interferon gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and other inflammatory signaling molecules [4].