Furthermore, a number of urinary inflammatory biomarkers have been found to be elevated in OAB patients, as well as in bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis (BPS/IC), including monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (GC-SF), and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) or eotaxin. Here, CCL4 is linked to interstitial cystitis.