RAD50 and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: The HDACi cyclic hydroxamic-acid-containing peptide 31 (CHAP31) sensitised esophageal squamous cell carcinoma to carbon ions both in cell experiments and mouse xenografts, but it was also accompanied by a reduction in gene expression of the Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 (MRN) complex, which is crucial for DSB repair [44].