With high levels of inflammation occurring in the CF lung, the formation of RNA:DNA duplexes may activate intracellular pattern recognition receptor pathways such as cyclic-GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) and stimulator of interferon genes (STING) or the ASO may have the potential to activate endosomal TLR pathways such as TLR-7, -8, or -9 [171,172,173]. This evidence concerns the gene CGAS and cystic fibrosis.