Likewise, increased serum concentration of the inflammatory protein, S100A9, and decreased serum concentration of its nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) transcriptional target, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), have been linked to lenalidomide treatment response in non-del(5q) MDS patients [19]. Here, TNF is linked to myelodysplastic syndrome.