PTPN11 and cancer: 23PTPN11 mutations also causethe Noonan syndrome and Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines,two disorders belonging to a family of rare diseases collectivelyknown as RASopathies.24,25 For all these reasons, SHP2 isan important molecular target for therapies against cancer and rarediseases.26−28 At the molecular level, pathogenic mutations of PTPN11 often cause an increase in the binding affinity ofthe SH2 domains of SHP2, leading to hyperactivated signaling of theRas/MAPK pathway.29−32