FGF1 and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: In adult women, particularly postmenopausal women, obesity is believed to increase breast cancer risk through multiple mechanisms, including increased inflammation, growth factor secretion (e.g., FGF1), and local estrogen synthesis as well as an imbalance of adipokines and diminished PPAR-γ activity in the breast microenvironment [15, 40].