TNF and cancer: As mentioned before, TNFα is a major mediator of inflammation (59) with ambiguous effects and has been detected in human ovarian (60–62), breast (62, 63), endometrial (62), oral (64), pancreatic (65), gastric (66), liver (67), prostate, bladder and colorectal (68) cancer as well as in lymphomas (69) and leukemias.