TGFB1 and glioma: Many studies have demonstrated that cytokines, chemokines, and regulatory immune-suppressive cells (6, 7), such as TGF-β, IL-10, prostaglandin E2, NKT cells, T/B regulatory cells (T/Breg), tumor-associated macrophages/microglia (TAMs), and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) (8), create a specific immunosuppressive TME, which is important for anti-tumor responses and glioma progression.