INS and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: L. rhamnosus GG was observed to ameliorate dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)- and oxazolone-induced colitis through the activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) (Yan et al., 2011); the administration of L. rhamnosus LB102 reduced diet-induced obesity and inflammation, concomitant with the improvement of glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity (Le Barz et al., 2019).