VEGFA and glioma: In fact, both glioma cells and immune cells are able to produce and respond to CSF2/GMCSF.26,27,35,36 This cytokine was shown to increase glioma migration and protect certain glioma cells from apoptosis.26,27 CSF2/GMCSF may stimulate production of other growth factors (nerve growth factor, granulocyte colony stimulating factor, vascular endothelial growth factor).