CSF1/M-CSF signalling maintains proliferation and survival of monocytes through DAP12-β-catenin signalling pathway,34 and CSF2/GMCSF has been shown to regulate β-catenin signalling during myeloid lineage differentiation,37 and contribute to the survival of infiltrating monocytes in rat gliomas.38 This evidence concerns the gene CSF1 and central nervous system cancer.