PGK1 and cancer: Under hypoxia, cancer cell adapt to the reduced available oxygen and nutrient through upregulation of glucose transporters (GLUT1 and GLUT3), carbonic anhydrases (CA9 and CA12), pyruvate dehydrogenase kinases (PDK1 and PDK3), lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA), phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK-1), and hexokinases (HK1 and HK2) to cooperatively modulate a metabolic shift from oxidative phosphorylation to anaerobic glycolysis [92, 129].