NFKB1 and brain injury: Glutamine can attenuate muscle inflammation, maintaining the concentration of muscle TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-10 close to basal levels observed in the control group [8], glutamine supplementation following traumatic brain injury could inhibit NF-kB activation and down-regulate pro-inflammatory cytokine expression (TNF-α, IL-1b and IL-6) [18], and it also could decrease intestinal and plasma TNF-α in the induced intestinal inflammation rats [19].