Martin et al identified an inflammatory cellular module in affected ileum, consisting of IgG plasma cells, mononuclear phagocytes, activated T cells, and stromal cells that predicted failure to achieve durable corticosteroid-free remission with anti-TNF therapy.71 In the years to come, single-cell technology will seek to harness a multi-omics approach, integrating genetic, epigenetic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and microbial classification of disease and predictors of outcome and response to therapy, which may finally usher in the long awaited era of precision medicine in IBD (Fig. 3). Here, TNF is linked to inflammatory bowel disease.