Across all entities, AC2 and AC13, two base substitution signatures that are closely associated to each other and linked with the activation of AID/APOBEC cytidine deaminases, were more pronounced in tumours with chromothripsis (p = 0.007 and p = 9 × 10−6, respectively, Wilcoxon tests; see Fig. 7). Here, AICDA is linked to neoplasm.