Treatment with the phagocytosis inhibitor cytochalasin D during infection with Mtb only partially inhibited ASC-speck formation after 24 h, despite strong inhibition of Mtb uptake, supporting the conclusion that Mtb also can activate the NLRP3 inflammasome through PM damage from outside of the cell (Fig. 7d; Supplementary Fig. 7a). Here, NLRP3 is linked to infection.