PTGS2 and cervical carcinoma: Other immune modulated strategies that have been studied include: inhibition of Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression by COX-2 inhibitors in pancreatic and cervical cancer [68] and Lenalidomide (an immunomodulatory drug) in advanced renal cancer [69], with benefits in phase two trials but no additional advantage in combination with standard cytotoxic protocols.