VCAM1 and diabetes mellitus: When pathological conditions such as diabetes are present, oxidative stress can increase the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF and IL-6, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), which, altogether, support neuron degeneration, resulting in diabetic encephalopathy [75].