VDR and vitamin D deficiency: The vitamin D receptor (VDR) may play a role in the mechanisms for the link between vitamin D deficiency and other disorders, such as diabetes,[35] nonalcoholic liver disease.[36] Recent studies have displayed that vitamin D has a key role in the regulation of oxidative, the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, hepatocyte apoptosis, and even liver fibrosis.[37–39] It should be noted that vitamin D deficiency and NAFLD are also associated with IR and T2DM.