MMP9 and glioblastoma: Low‐density lipoprotein receptor‐related protein 1 induces MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 expression via an ERK‐dependent promigratory process.[86] MMP‐9 is known to be upregulated by NF‐κB,[87] while MMP‐2 is known to be upregulated by insulin‐like growth factor binding protein 2 and by the Forkhead box transcription factor FoxM1B.[88, 89] The latter not only upregulates MMP‐2 but is capable of transforming immortalized human astrocytes into invasive GBM cells via degradation of PTEN and activation of AKT.[90]