These patients were more likely to have diabetes (76.4% vs. 59.8%, p < 0.001), hypertension (79.4% vs. 75.2%, p = 0.002), obesity (56.1% vs. 45.7%, p < 0.001), and intraoperative insulin administration (55.7% vs. 6.6%, p < 0.001). Here, INS is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.