Interestingly, in the substantia nigra of these PD rats, the reduced mitochondrial respiratory function, detected by the mitochondrial oxygen consumption and the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α) and nuclear transcription factor 2 (NRF2), was markedly reversed by fucoidan [14]. The gene discussed is PPARGC1A; the disease is Parkinson disease.