APP and Alzheimer disease: More generally, AD neuropathology has been characterised by the accumulation of β-amyloid (Aβ) protein due to the aberrant processing of APP, neurofibrillary tangles (composing of hyperphosphorylated tau protein), oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, neuroinflammation, and impairment in neurotransmitter systems (Butzlaff and Ponimaskin, 2016; Francis et al., 1999; Haruhiko et al., 2000; Heneka et al., 2015; Hynd et al., 2004; Markesbery, 1997; Rajmohan and Reddy, 2017).