Relationships between these GM3 species and pathophysiology of metabolic disorders are summarized schematically in Fig 2L. In steady state, homeostasis is maintained by balance of GM3 species; in presymptomatic and early phases, VLCFA species increase in correlation with chronic inflammation and insulin resistance; in late phases, modifications such as desaturation and α‐hydroxylation could occur in VLCFA species. The gene discussed is INS; the disease is metabolic disease.