TNF and COVID-19: Indeed, a growing number of clinical studies have shown that the levels of various cytokines and chemokines—including IL-2, IL-7, IL-10, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (GCSF), IP-10, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP1), macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP1A), and TNF-α—were significantly higher in severe COVID-19 patients compared to nonsevere patients [5].