UBC and hepatocellular carcinoma: Eleven significantly upregulated hub genes (UBC, ACTB, TP53, HSP90AA1, PTEN, CASP3, CTNNB1, AKT1, MAPK3, CDC42, and MAPK1) (Figs. 3A, 3D, 3E, 3I–3P) and two significantly downregulated hub genes (ESR1 and MYC) (Figs. 3C and 3H) were compared in HCC tissues and normal liver tissues using the TCGA analysis tool of the UALCAN database.