VEGFA and lung carcinoma: In another study, Shi et al. [53] verified that EGCG attenuates HIF-1α, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), cytochrome c oxidase polypeptide II (COX-2), phosphorylated-RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase (p-Akt), phosphorylated-extracellular signal-regulated kinases (p-ERK), and vimentin protein levels in nicotine-activated A549 (lung cancer) cells.