TNF and gestational diabetes: TNF-α protein expression levels in placental (1.09 (0.86, 1.37) vs. 0.28 (0.25, 0.57), P < 0.001, Figures 3(a) and 3(d)) and umbilical cord (0.69 (0.53, 0.87) vs. 0.11 (0.10, 0.16), P < 0.001, Figures 3(b) and 3(d)) tissues were significantly higher in GDM women than those in the control subjects.