TNF and gestational diabetes: In the GDM group, maternal serum NGAL levels positively correlated with cord blood NGAL (r = 0.349, P=0.014), maternal serum TNF-α (r = 0.311, P=0.029), and placental NGAL mRNA and protein expression levels (r = 0.848, P=0.008 and r = 0.636, P=0.011).