TNF and gestational diabetes: The expression levels of TNF-α mRNA in placental (2.56 (1.84, 2.70) vs 0.79 (0.61, 0.99), P=0.001, Figure 2(b)) and umbilical cord (1.16 (1.03, 1.64) vs 0.87 (0.72, 0.98), P=0.021, Figure 2(b)) tissues were also significantly higher in the GDM group than the corresponding levels of these parameters in the control group.