Furthermore, recent studies demonstrated that PPARα agonists are drug candidates for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) development10–13, and several fibrates as representative synthetic PPARα agonists have been indeed widely used to treat dyslipidemia including hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia14. This evidence concerns the gene PPARA and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.