ILC3s produce IL-2 but also compete with T cells for this cytokine.173,174 IL-1β, IL-23, and TL1A are mainly produced by mononuclear phagocytes (MNPs), which are closely entangled with ILC3s, and which are potent stimulators of IL-22 production and ILC3 activation.175,176 TL1A induces expression of OX40L on ILC3s thereby promotes co-stimulation of T cells  during colitis.177 Epithelial IL-1α was shown to promote IL-22 production by ILC3s following rotavirus infection.178. This evidence concerns the gene IL1B and colitis.