IL5 and helminthiasis: NMU is upregulated following worm infection by excretory-secretory products of worms and regulates worm resistance via Nmur1.221,222 VIP is expressed by nociceptors in the lung and stimulates IL-5 production from several cell types including ILC2s, which act back on neurons to sustain lung inflammation via VIP.220 Similarly, VIP regulates IL-5 production from ILC2s and the number of eosinophils in the intestine and is dependent on circadian oscillations and nutrient intake.219