PPM1K and Insulin resistance: These include impaired function of branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase (BCAT) and branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase (BCKDH) due to either genetic abnormalities or elevated fatty acids, proinflammatory cytokines or insulin levels leading to the accumulation of BCAAs, and also activation of the mTOR/S6K1 kinase pathway, which contributes to insulin resistance.33 For some amino acids, we showed an opposite association.