Taken together, our results establish a link between upregulated mTORC1 signaling in Nkx2.1 interneurons and reduction of their synaptic inhibition of pyramidal cells, and hippocampus-dependent cognitive impairments in mouse, suggesting a possible role of dysregulated mTORC1-mediated translation and synaptic dysfunction in inhibitory cells in TSC. The gene discussed is TSC1; the disease is Cognitive impairment.