Based on the strong activity observed among WHO grade I pilocytic astrocytomas harboring either of the two most common BRAF aberrations (KIAA1549-BRAF fusion or BRAFV600E) and NF1-associated pediatric low-grade gliomas (WHO grades I and II), phase three studies comparing standard chemotherapy to selumetinib in patients with low-grade glioma with and without NF-1 were initiated [68]. The gene discussed is NF1; the disease is pilocytic astrocytoma.