BRAF and brain neoplasm: During the last decade, the majority of childhood brain tumors were molecularly characterized and insights from these data inspired numerous molecular-targeted therapies, with it becoming apparent that many low-grade gliomas exhibit alterations in the MAPK signaling pathway, either in terms of BRAF–KIAA1849 translocation, BRAF-activating mutations, NF1 gene deletions or mutations, and other less common genetic events that dysregulate this pathway.