At the site of infection, infected cells produce chemokines and cytokines such as type I IFNs, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, CCL2 (MCP-1), RANTES, and MIP-1α that recruit immune cells including NK cells, neutrophils, macrophages and DCs to the site of infection where they initiate the innate immune response [94,95,96]. Here, TNF is linked to infection.