TGFB1 and necrotizing enterocolitis: Recently, there have been many publications examining NEC biomarkers in the past decades, such as cytokines (IL-8, TGF-β, IL-1RA, IL-1β), calprotectin, the non-protein amino acid citrulline, urine intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (IFABP), serum amyloid A (SAA), fecal calprotectin, the EpCAM/MMp7 ratio, a serum protein panel, volatile organic compounds, acylcarnitines, fibrinogen-g dimers, and so on (Rusconi et al., 2017; Hackam et al., 2018).