TGFB1 and cancer: However, given the paradoxical roles of TGF-β signaling pathway as a tumor suppressor and tumor promoter during cancer progression, a comprehensive understanding of how TGF-β signaling functions in PDAC using inducible genetic models and integrative proteomic and single-cell sequencing approaches is a prerequisite for ascertaining whether antagonizing this pathway is prudent for diabetic therapeutics when its tumor-suppressive features might co-exist.