At 24 h post-infection (p.i.), influenza virus A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) infection dramatically increased mRNA levels for pro-inflammatory mediators including IL-6, IP-10, TNF-α, IL-8 and MCP-1, while sinensetin treatment significantly reduced the expression of these cytokines and chemokines (Fig. 2b). Here, TNF is linked to infection.