Increased ROCK activity, measured in terms of increased p63 RhoGEF protein level and increased phosphorylation of MYPT-1, increased levels of p22phox and ERK1/2, as well as increased oxidated low density lipoproteins (oxLDL), were found in patients with hypertension (Figure 3, Panel A), CKD and end stage renal disease on dialysis who had left ventricular hypertrophy, supporting the role of ROCK and ERK1/2 signaling in the cardiovascular–renal remodeling [26,46,59,60]. This evidence concerns the gene MAPK3 and stage 5 chronic kidney disease.