It is believed that plasma HS may be involved in aggravating SIRS-associated illnesses, since HSPG degradation products are considered to be damage-associated molecular pattern ligands, which induce inflammatory signaling and cytokine upregulation via interactions with Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and/or TLR2 [11]. Here, TLR2 is linked to systemic inflammatory response syndrome.