NFKB1 and diabetic retinopathy: The group treated with astaxanthin showed the preservation of histological and functional outcomes of diabetic retinopathy, which went together with reduced oxidative stress and inflammation, as suggested by reduced levels of oxidative mediators (8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine, nitrotyrosine, and acrolein), increased levels of antioxidant enzymes (heme oxygenase-1 and peroxiredoxin) and decreased activity of the transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) [16].