TNF and atherosclerosis: The administration of acetyl-l-carnitine prevented atherosclerosis onset in Wistar rats by blocking the expression of oxidative-stress-related genes, controlling inflammation parameters, and regulating blood lipids, as well as displaying myocardial protection and acting against atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, by reducing mRNA levels, iNOS, IL-1b, TNF-a and CPR protein in the hearts and aortas of rats with induced atherosclerosis [82].