CCL2 and prostate carcinoma: In several prostate cancer cell lines, acetyl-l-carnitine acted as an anti-prostate cancer agent by inhibiting the production of chemokines CXCL12 and CCL2 as well as CXCR4 (chemokine ligand-receptor) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ and TNF-α) [61].