INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: Diabetes mellitus characterized by high blood glucose levels is a condition caused by the dysfunction and/or destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic islet β cells. There are two forms of diabetes: type 1 diabetes mellitus, in which islet β cells are destroyed by an autoimmune response and type 2 diabetes mellitus which results from a progressive defect in insulin secretion in individuals with insulin resistance [104].