CFTR and cystic fibrosis: Later reports showed no differences in the monocyte classical (CD14++ CD16−), intermediate (CD14+ CD16+), or non-classical (CD14+ CD16++) subpopulations [25, 171]; however, expression of M-CSF, TLR4, IL-4Rα, IL-13Rα1, TIMP-1 and Cox-2, were shown to be upregulated in monocytes from CF patients, demonstrating that CFTR mutations intrinsically affect these myeloid cells [25].