TBC1D4 and Insulin resistance: Deficiency of PKBα/β caused insulin resistance in mouse heart, and the abundance of their substrates including AS160, RalGAPα1, RalGAPα2, and TSC2 in the PAS immunoprecipitates was substantially lower for PKBα/β-deficient mouse heart relative to wild-type mouse heart upon insulin stimulation (Fig. 2c).